Peak Performance Neurofeedback

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of alpha neurofeedback and EMG biofeedback on musical performance in violinists. 12 music students were recruited from the Faculty of Music, Skopje, and were randomized in two groups. Students in the experimental group participated in 20 sessions of biofeedback and music practice whilst students in the control group only did music practice. Multiple factors and measures such as average absolute power, APF, amount of alpha suppression (AAS), score on musical performance, and inventories measuring anxiety, were assessed. Alpha neurofeedback and EMG biofeedback was associated with significant increases in average alpha power and was positively correlated with increasing voluntary self-regulation and, notably, quality of musical performance. The authors found that the overall efficiency of this improvement as a result of training depends on the baseline EEG alpha activity status. In particular, they saw that the efficiency of neurofeedback/biofeedback was higher in individuals with a higher baseline alpha peak frequency (APF).

This prospective pilot study conducted in 2016 investigated the effects of mental coaching and electroencephalogram (EEG) EEG alpha neurofeedback and heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback on performance of professional soccer players and elite track and field athletes. Specifically, the authors looked at effects on HRV, EEG outcomes, and self-reported factors related to stress, performance, recovery, and sleep quality. Soccer players were assigned to four sessions of mental coaching and daily HRV biofeedback while track and field athletes were provided with four sessions of mental coaching and daily neurofeedback. Measurements were recorded at baseline, post intervention, and 5 weeks after that. The authors found that significant changes over time in alpha power at 5 of 7 EEG locations were present in the soccer players and that scores on the concentration and emotional scales increased significantly. Additionally, the track and field players saw increases in HRV low frequency power and recovery scale. Overall, these results suggest that a mental coaching program combined with either HRV or EEG alpha power feedback may increase HRV and alpha power as well as lead to better performance-related outcomes and stress reduction. 

This article presents a case study examining the use of neurofeedback training to improve measures in brain functioning of a well-functioning Olympic athlete who had lost his performance confidence after injury in sport. QEEG/event-related potential (ERP) parameters were assessed before and after 4 intensive sessions of neurofeedback therapy. The authors found dramatic and statistically significant changes in the patient following these sessions. In particular, they found that it increased the amplitude of the monitoring component of ERPs generated in the athlete’s anterior cingulate cortex and increased beta activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. As a result, the authors concluded that even a few sessions of neurofeedback in a high performance brain can significantly activity prefrontal cortex areas correlated with increasing confidence in sport performance. 

This study aimed to examine the effects of theta neurofeedback training on motor performance and flow experience. Flow is a cognitive state associated with the feeling of effortless control that enables peak performance in highly challenging situations. Previous research has shown that flow can be enhanced by mindfulness training and is associated with frontal-midline theta activity. To further investigate this relationship, the authors determined whether one 30-minute session of frontal-midline theta neurofeedback training enhances flow experience and motor performance in a finger tapping task as well as improves performance in an n-back task as a measure of working memory. They found that participants who were able to upregulate their theta activity during training showed significantly better motor performance and flow experience than participants who did not enhance their theta. Similarly, increases in theta activity correlated with motor performance enhancement and were linked to increase of flow experience. However, results from the n-back test were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that frontal-midline theta neurofeedback could be an effective method to support flow experience and performance enhancement.

Although EEG Neurofeedback is gaining increasing attention "peak performance" training, the evidence for clear cognitive performance enhancements with healthy adults is still lacking. The main objective of this systematic review was to assess whether the existing EEG Neurofeedback studies targeting executive functions have provided reliable evidence for the effectiveness of Neurofeedback. A qualitative analysis of the literature was conducted. A second aim of this review was to identify optimal frequencies as Neurofeedback targets for improving executive functions. This systematic review suggests that Neurofeedback might be an effective therapy to improve executive function in healthy adults. However, more rigorous studies are required to overcome methodological weaknesses and variability.

This study investigated the impact of neurofeedback training on dynamic balance in judo. Eighteen volunteer judokas were divided into two groups: experimental (EG) and control (CG). Subjects in the experimental group were trained to inhibit 3-8 Hz while reinforcing 14-19 Hz  at O1 and O2 for ten 25-minute sessions. The participants in the control group were exposed to the same conditions with sham feedback. EEG and dynamic balance tests were executed before and at the end of the fifteenth session of training. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed that dynamic balance scores significantly improved at the post-test in the EG group. The findings demonstrate that neurofeedback training can enhance dynamic balance of judokas.

It has been shown that the power of frontal-midline (fm) theta oscillations are representative of executive functioning (EF) and increase when cognitive processing or task performance is enhanced. This study examined whether increasing fm-theta over fm electrodes on the four most representative EFs, memory updating, set shifting, conflict monitoring, and motor inhibition would functionally impact behavioral performance on these tasks. Before starting and after completing 8 individualized neurofeedback sessions, the three-back, letter/number task switching, Stroop, and stop-signal tasks were tested, and were compared against an active control group. It was found that task-related fm-theta activity after training significantly differed between groups. Importantly, after neurofeedback training behavioural performance was significantly enhanced. The experimental group had higher accuracy scores in the three-back task and reduced mixing and shifting costs in letter/number task-switching. However, there was no improvement in tasks probling conflict monitoring and motor inhibition. Overall, it was found that neurofeedback training modulates fm-theta which improves select EFs. 

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of frontal-midline (fm) theta activity uptraining using neurofeedback on attention and working memory performance of older and younger participants. Thirty-two participants were recruited and were randomly assigned to either the experimental neurofeedback training group, or the sham-neurofeedback training group. It was found that orienting scores in the older participants significantly improved following neurofeedback training. Further, conflict scores significantly improved in both the older and younger neurofeedback training groups. Additionally, fm theta training improved working memory function in the older participants. Overall, this study demonstrates that fm theta uptraining improves attention and working memory performance. 

This study aimed to develop a portable wireless neurofeedback training system for alpha rhythm and to determine its effect on memory. The training system contained an EEG signal analysis device and a smartphone with wireless Bluetooth low-energy technology. Participants were blinded and randomly assigned to either the control group receiving random 4-Hz power or the experimental Alpha group receiving 8-12 Hz power. Working memory and episodic memory were assessed by the backward digit span task and work-pair task, respectively. It was found that significant improvements in accuracy were observed on the backward digit span task and word-pair task in the alpha training group compared to the controls. 

This study aimed to test if sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) training can improve working memory performance in an aging population and favour cognitive reserve. Seventeen older adults participated in this randomized placebo-controlled study. To assess visual working memory performance, participants completed a Delayed Matching to Sample Task (DMTS) before and after neurofeedback training. It was found that the experimental group showed improvement in their working memory performance after the training with similar activation power, mainly in theta and beta frequency band at frontal and alpha at temporal regions. Though the sham group had some variations in the working memory score after training, they were not statistically significant and their power spectrum demonstrated enhancement in alpha and beta band frontally and temporally. The group that did not receive neurofeedback training had no chance in their working memory performance scores or EEG spectrum. Overall, this study demonstrates that neurofeedback can enhance working memory in older adults. 

This study aimed to examine the clinical efficacy of a game-based neurofeedback training system to enhance cognitive performance in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and healthy elderly subjects. The neurofeedback system includes 5 games designed to improve attention span and cognitive performance. Sixty-five women with aMCI and 54 healthy elderly women were recruited. All participants were treated with care as usual (CAU); 58 were treated with CAU + NFT (20 sessions of 30 minutes each, 2-3 sessions per week), 36 with CAU + exergame-based training, while 25 patients had only CAU. Before and after neurofeedback training, cognitive functioning was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. It was found that neurofeedback training significantly improved rapid visual processing and spatial working memory, including strategy when compared with exergame training and no active treatment. Though neurofeedback improved sustained attention and spatial working memory, it had no significant effect on pattern recognition memory and short-term visual memory, which are the hallmarks of aMCI. Therefore, neurofeedback may help to improve select executive functions. 

A good balance between external attention (EA) and mind wandering (MW) is important for efficient perceptual processing, executive functioning, decision making, auto-biographical memory and creativity. There is evidence to suggest that EA processes are associated with increased activity of high frequency EEG bands (e.g. sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)). In contrast, increased activity of low frequency bands (e.g. Theta) has been observed during MW. The present study sought to determine the effects of two distinct single session real-time EEG protocols (SMR up-training/Theta down-training and Theta up-training/SMR down-training) on EA and MW. Thirty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the two neurofeedback protocols. Before and after training, participants completed the attention network task (ANR) along with other measures of MW. It was found that both protocols were effective in increasing SMR and theta amplitudes, during the respective up-training protocols, but neither were effective in decreasing the amplitude of down-trained bands. Further, training had no significant effect on the EA or MW measures. However, post-training increase in SMR was significantly positively correlated with the use of deliberate MW, rather than spontaneous. Lastly, the increase in post-training theta amplitude in the theta up-training protocol was significantly associated with decreased efficiency in the orientation network.

The present study determined the effects of an intensive and short alpha and theta neurofeedback protocol on working memory (WM) performance in a healthy elderly population, and examined the effects of a multimodal approach by supplementing neurofeedback with cognitive tasks. Participants were assigned to one of four groups: neurofeedback, neurofeedback supplemented with cognitive training (NFCT), cognitive training (CT) and sham neurofeedback (SNF). The intervention consisted of 30 minute sessions for 8 days. It was found that the neurofeedback group had post-intervention increases of alpha and theta relative power and improved performance on the matrix rotation task. Further, successful up-training of frontal theta was positively correlated with improved post-training alpha and performance in the matrix rotation task. The CT group had moderate performance improvements on the cognitive tasks used during the training sessions but no clear improvements on neurophysiology and behavioural measurements. 

The present study sought to determine if healthy individuals can be trained to enhance theta activity (4-7 Hz), associated with working memory performance, or sensorimotor rhythm (SMR; 12-15 Hz), associated with attentional processing. It was found that after eight sessions of neurofeedback training, the SMR group was able to selectively enhance SMR activity based on increased SMR/theta and SMR/beta ratios. In contrast, those training selectivity to increase theta activity failed to demonstrate any changes in their EEG. Further, the SMR-group had a significant improvement in cued recall performance, using a semantic working memory task, and to a smaller extent showed improved accuracy of focused attention processing during a 2-sequence continuous performance task. 

Vasquez and colleagues investigated the effect of neurofeedback training on cognitive processes, such as executive function, and mood in a non-clinical sample. Neurofeedback training is a method that can teach individuals to modify, adjust, and enhance their brain activity. In this study, the authors recruited a sample of 30 female college students who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and control. The dominance pattern of beta and the inhibition of theta were  trained in a single training session while measures of executive function and questionnaires of mood were take pre and post training. The authors found that neurofeedback training led to significant improvements in executive performance in the right hemisphere group. In all, the authors conclude that this neurofeedback training protocol seems to be effective to enhance some aspects of executive function and improving negative mood. 

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by a decrease in cognitive abilities, while daily function is maintained. MCI has been associated with an increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease, and has no definitive treatment at the present time. This study aimed to determine if neurofeedback training to increase the power of an individual’s upper alpha band over the central parietal region would lead to any positive benefits in individuals with MCI. Eleven participants underwent ten 30-minute sessions over a 5 week period. A dose-dependent increase in peak alpha frequency was observed throughout the training period. Further, memory performance, as measured by cognitive assessments, improved significantly following training, and was maintained at a 30-day follow up. However, peak alpha frequency had returned to baseline at this evaluation. Overall, this study suggests that neurofeedback may improve memory in individuals with MCI, and that this effect may be maintained beyond the training period. 

The present study sought to understand the neural mechanisms mediating successful neurofeedback training  in theta/beta (T/B) and slow cortical potential (SCP) training in adults with no clinical diagnosis. This study focused  on the neural mechanisms underlying attentional processes and motor system excitability. Neurofeedback training consisted of 10 double sessions. It was found that self-regulation abilities during negativity trials of the SCP training were associated with increased contingent negative variation amplitudes, indicating improved resource allocation during cognitive preparation. Theta/beta training was associated with increased response speed and decreased target-P3 amplitudes after successful theta/beta regulation suggesting that less attentional resources were necessary for stimulus evaluation. Further, motor system excitability effects after theta/beta training paralleled the effects of methylphenidate.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of using somatosensory and neurofeedback training alongside balance training in healthy, elderly adults. The authors recruited 45 healthy adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups; somatosensory, neurofeedback, and control. Each group had 15 to 20 minute training sessions and all individuals were tested for postural stability (static balance) and dynamic balance. Results on these tests were assessed and compared with the control group. The authors found improvements in both static and dynamic balance in both test groups, In particular, neurofeedback training helped the participants to learn static balance whereas somatosensory training was effective on dynamic balance learning. Overall, these findings suggest that these training methods have a significant influence on balance and can be appropriate training modalities to prevent falling in adults. 

The purpose of this study was to examine the beneficial effects of cognitive training with neurofeedback (CTNF) in healthy adults using a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Previous studies suggest that a combination of cognitive training and neurofeedback has a superior effect on cognitive functions compared with cognitive training alone; however, no systematic reviews of CTNF exist to date. Three neurofeedback studies using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and one study using electroencephalography were extracted from the database. A multi-level meta-analysis with three NIRS studies including 166 participants was performed. The meta-analysis revealed that CTNF has a beneficial effect on the episodic, long-term, and working memory domains. 

This study investigated whether upregulation of cognitive training with neurofeedback (CT-NF) improves cognitive functions compared to cognitive training (CT) alone. This double-blinded randomized control trial recruited 60 young adults who were assigned to either the CT-NF, CT alone, or an active control group (ACT) who played a puzzle game. Participants completed their respective training game for 20 minutes every day for 4 weeks. It was found that the CT-NF group showed superior beneficial effects on episodic memory, working memory and attention compared to the CT alone and ACT groups. In addition, the CT-NF group showed an increase in brain activity during CT, which was associated with improvements in cognitive functions. Overall, this study suggests that CT-NF upregulation has beneficial effects on cognitive functions compared to CT alone. 

This study aimed to investigate the controversy surrounding the effect of neurofeedback training of alpha activity on memory. In particular, the authors conducted a systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial studies dated between January 1, 1999 and November 30, 2019 to explore the effect of alpha neurofeedback on both working memory and episodic memory in a healthy population. A total of 16 studies with 217 healthy participants in the control group and 210 participants in the alpha group were investigated. Their results suggested that alpha neurofeedback had a positive effect on both working memory and episodic memory of healthy participants with effect sizes of 0.56 and 0.77 respectively. These findings suggest the benefit of alpha neurofeedback and suggests future research in understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms of neurofeedback in memory. 

This feasibility study tested the potential of using real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) as a form of mindfulness training. Mindfulness training promotes the development of the ability to observe and attend to experiences to improve long-term psychological well-being while rtfMRI-nf is a noninvasive neuromodulation method. The authors identified the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) as a region of interest as it has been implicated in the materialization of a mindful state. 34 adolescents underwent neurofeedback training and significant improvements were observed in performances in mindfulness tasks such as Focus-on-Breath and Describe tasks. Moreover, state awareness of physical sensations improved following neurofeedback and these changes were maintained at 1-week follow-up. Overall, these findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential of rtfMRI-nf in healthy adolescents and suggest that neurofeedback can be used to streamline and reinforce mindfulness. 

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha neurofeedback on working memory performance in healthy participants. Thirty-six participants were recruited and then assigned to either the neurofeedback group or the control group. Performance data from an N-back memory task was recorded before and after neurofeedback for both groups. The authors found that both groups showed improvement in their working memory performance but only the experimental group showed improvements in their functional connections between different brain regions at the theta level. Overall, these results suggests that healthy participants can benefit from alpha neurofeedback training. 

This article is a review of existing evidence of the validity of cognitive and affective benefits resulting from neurofeedback in healthy participants with a specific focus on the impact on creativity in the performing arts such as music, dance, and acting. A majority of the articles investigated involve alpha-theta and sensory-motor rhythm (SMR) protocols. The author found that there was sufficient evidence suggesting reliable benefits from alpha-theta training with advanced musicians and reliable benefits from both alpha-theta and SMR training for novice musicians in adults. Moreover, the author also presents evidence supporting the positive effects of neurofeedback training for school children, citing improvements in creativity, communication, presentation and musical technique. Furthermore, literature also describes improvements in stage performance for actors undergoing SMR training and dancers with alpha-theta training respectively. As a whole, the findings support the validation of neurofeedback as a method to improve creativity in the performing arts. 

The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the benefits of neurofeedback training on heart rate variability in athletes. Thirty male student-athletes were recruited and divided into two groups: a 2 sessions per week and a 3 sessions per week group. Both groups completed 12 alpha-band neurofeedback sessions consisting of 25 trials of 60 seconds of a neurofeedback task and 5 seconds of rest in between trials. In total, each subject underwent 300 minutes of training. Throughout the experiments, the participants’ electroencephalography and heart rate variability signals were recorded. At the end of 12 neurofeedback sessions, the authors found that the individuals in the 3 sessions per week group showed significant improvements in mean heart rate variability. And so, they conclude that these findings suggest the possibility of using alpha neurofeedback as a means to induce changes in heart rate variability in physically active athletes. 

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neurofeedback training based on beta-wave amplification and theta-wave inhibition on the visual processing efficiency of judo athletes. This sample consisted of 12 male athletes who were divided into the experimental neurofeedback and control groups. The effects of neurofeedback training were examined using computer-based simple and complex reaction tests and selected tests of the Vienna Test System (VST). It was found that theta and beta values were statistically significant between the experimental and control groups after the first and second cycle of training. Further, after individual cycles of training there were also statistically significant differences between the control and experimental group in the results of reaction speed tests. The highest reduction in simple reaction time was obtained after the second training cycle, when training was performed every second day and lasted four minutes. 

The objective of this article was to review the current literature on the use of neurofeedback training for professional athletes. In particular, the authors evaluated the influence of training on the physical fitness and performance of professional athletes in multiple sports including judo, volleyball, and soccer. They analyzed a total of 10 scientific articles from 2012 to 2022 with a total of 491 participants having done neurofeedback training and 62 individuals in a control group. In all, they found that neurofeedback has a significant impact on physical fitness and sports performance by reducing stress levels, increasing the ability to self-control physiological factors, enhancing behavioral efficiency, and meliorating the speed of reaction to a stimulus. 

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using neurofeedback training as a tool to build sustained attention in the general student population and whether these improvements could lead to more effective work habits and learning skills. Students participated in 35 25-minute sessions of attention training game-based neurofeedback, results were recorded before and after this training period. The authors found that students presented with improvements in sustained attention and were able to translate these gains to observable work habits and learning behaviors like planning and organization. This research shows the potential of using neurofeedback as a means to improve performance and attention in the general student population.

This study examined the effects of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback as well as self-controlled practices on motor learning and performance in novice golfers. 40 adults were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four groups: neurofeedback/self-controlled practice, neurofeedback/yoked practice, sham/self-controlled practice, and sham/yoked practice. All participants performed golf putting tasks in four stages: at pretest, intervention which was 6 sessions of training, post-test and two weeks follow-up. Additionally, the participants’ SMR wave at Cz was recorded during pretest, post-test, and at follow up. Their findings showed that SMR neurofeedback and self-controlled practice both independently facilitates golf putting and performance. However, only the neurofeedback practice maintained its positive effects in the follow-up test. Furthermore, results showed that SMR neurofeedback practice can enhance the power of the SMR wave regardless of the type of self-controlled practice used. 

This study investigated the effects of psychological skills training on brain quotient and perceived performance of high school rapid-fire pistol athletes. For 10 weeks the athletes trained twice a week for 40-50 minutes, then underwent neurofeedback training for 20 minutes. The results showed that neurofeedback training stabilized athletes’ physical tension, anxiety, and mental stiffness. The participants learned how to overcome physical and psychological tension after psychological skills training and were significantly more confident in their shooting skills and performance. They also found that neurofeedback training greatly reduced trait and state anxiety in adolescents and increased self-efficacy.

This study investigated the effects of neurofeedback training in actors. The training program consisted of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback interfaced with a computer rendition of a theatre auditorium. SMR enhancement led to changes in lighting, while inhibition of theta and high beta led to a reduction in intrusive audience noise. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two training modalities: (1) Virtual reality (VR) representation in a ReaCTor, with surrounding image projection seen through glasses, or (2) a 2D computer screen, which is the conventional neurofeedback medium. There was also no-training control group for comparison. Acting performance was evaluated by three experts from both filmed, studio monologues and Hamlet excerpts on the stage of Shakespeare’s Global Theatre. Neurofeedback learning reached an asymptote earlier in the ReaCTor training compared with the computer screen, however both groups reached the same asymptote. Further, the ReaCTor training groups also had significantly increased ratings of acting performance overall, well-rounded performance, and especially the creativity subscale including imaginative expression, conviction, and characterization when comparing their pre- and post-training monologue performances. It was hypothesized that the greater immersion and presence effect of the ReaCTor resulted in these superior effects, particularly in imagination in performance, in comparison to the 2D computer screen. Further, both neurofeedback groups scored higher than the control group on self-ratings of sense of control, conscience and feeling at-one. 

This study investigated the ability to improve long-term memory using neurofeedback training of the theta/low-beta power ratio. Participants in the neurofeedback group received 3 days of theta/low-beta training. Long-term memory was measured before and after neurofeedback training. It was found that the neurofeedback group had better episodic and semantic long-term memory compared to the control group. 

This study investigated the effect of connectivity neurofeedback on functional connectivity in the brain, and if cognitive performance can be altered according to the direction of change in connectivity. This study selected the connectivity between the left primary motor cortex and the lateral parietal cortex as the target. Participants were divided into two groups in which the only difference was the direction of change (an increase or a decrease in correlation). It was found that participants successfully induced the expected connectivity changes in either of the 2 directions. Further, cognitive performance significantly and differentially changed pre-neurofeedback to post-neurofeedback training between the two groups. 

This study investigated the use of individualized EEG-based neurofeedback as a method for improving motor skill. Individuals were recruited to undergo a longitudinal physical training program alongside brain functional connectivity neurofeedback training. Digital tracing tasks were used for both skill training as well as a measure of change in skill. The authors found over 20% reduction in tracing error through neurofeedback alone, without any additional physical training. They also saw retention of this improvement for several days after neurofeedback training. 

This study investigates whether healthy individuals can learn to modulate their sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) or theta/beta ratio (TBR) through 30 neurofeedback training protocols, and whether this modulation leads to an enhancement in different cognitive or creative tasks. A control group received neurofeedback with daily changing frequency bands. It was found that neither the control group nor the TBR group were able to modulate the EEG in the training frequency band. However, the SMR group was successful in doing so. Additionally, only the SMR group had significantly better results in simple and choice reaction time tasks and a spatial rotation task following training. However, no significant changes were observed for the other attention-related tasks or for creative tasks. Overall, this study shows that 30 SMR training sessions can increase SMR amplitudes which cultivate fast reactions and good visuospatial abilities which can be particularly useful in sports. 

In this study, alpha/theta and sensory-motor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback training were compared in university instrumentalists who were movie singers. Instrumentalists were compared in regard to prepared and improvest instrumental and vocal performance in three music domains: creativity/musicality, technique, and communication/presentation. It was found that alpha/theta training enhanced prepared vocal, improvised vocal, and instrumental performances which were  recognized by a lay audience who judged the prepared folk songs. SMR learning correlated positively with Technical competence and communication in novice performance, which is in line with the known role of SMR neurofeedback on lower-order processes such as attention, working memory and psychomotor skills. 

This study examined the effect of neurofeedback training on rifle shooting performance amongst expert shooters. This study assessed shooting accuracy before and after training, and included an untreated control group. The sample included 24 national and provincial shooters. It was found that mean shot results significantly improved after training in the neurofeedback group, however no other improvements were observed. No differences were found on any of the study indicators in the control group. There was a significant difference between mean discrepancies of shot results between the two groups. 

This study hypothesized that eyes open alpha power training by music teaches athletes to (1) learn to self-regulate their brain activity, and (2) learn to increase their baseline alpha power, thereby improving mental capacities like focusing in the allocation of attention. In this double-blinded and placebo-controlled study, 12 elite gymnasts were either given eyes open alpha power training, or random beta power training (controls). It was found that neurofeedback training resulted in small improvements in sleep quality, mental and physical shape, as measured by a 26-item self-report “Being in Shape” questionnaire.

This study aimed to determine if EEG biofeedback could improve archery performance and self-reported measures of concentration and self-confidence. Experienced pre-elite male and female archers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) correct feedback (i.e. greater left hemisphere low frequency activity), (2) incorrect feedback (i.e. greater right hemisphere low frequency activity), and (3) no feedback control. The pre- and post-tests consisted of 27 shots, with EEG data collected for the left and right temporal hemispheres (T3, and T4). It was found that the correct feedback group significantly improved performance, while the incorrect feedback group showed a significant performance decrease from pre- to post-test. The control group showed no significant difference in performance. 

This study aimed to determine the combined effects of simulation-based and neurofeedback training sessions on radiation technologists’ (RTs’) workload, situation awareness, and performance during routine quality assurance and treatment delivery tasks. Thirty-two RTs previously randomized to receive or not receive simulation-based training focused on patient safety were again randomized to receive or not receive a 3-week neurofeedback intervention. Neurofeedback training consisted of 8 sessions of alpha-theta protocol focused stress reduction, conscious precision, strong focus and ability to solve arising problems. It was found that RTs who have received simulation-based training followed by neurofeedback sessions had no significant changes in perceived workload or situation awareness scores. However, they did have better performance, as measured by procedure compliance with time-out components, and error detection, compared with other study groups. 

This study investigated the effect of neurofeedback training on music performance under stressful conditions in conservatoire students. In this single-blind pilot study, it was found that students that received training on attention and relaxation related neurofeedback protocols had improvements in musical performance as per expert ratings. Further, these improvements were highly correlated with learning to progressively raise theta (5-8 Hz) over alpha (8-11 Hz) band amplitudes. These effects were replicated in a second experiment where an alpha/theta training group had significant performance enhancement, compared with other neurofeedback training protocols. 

This is a follow-up to the study above and investigated the effect of neurofeedback on novice music performance. The effect of alpha/theta (A/T) and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) training were compared in 11 year old children during rehearsed music performance, creative improvisation, sustained attention and phenomenology. Similar to the previous study, preferential benefits from A/T for rehearsed music performance were replicated in children for technique and communication ratings. Additionally, benefits extended to creativity and communication ratings for creative improvisation which were shared with SMR training. Further, A/T was found to be more successful than SMR training for improving sustained attention (TOVA), with a notable reduction in commission errors, 15/33 of whom had attention indices in the ADHD range. 

This review article summarizes studies that aim to validate SMR, beta and alpha–theta protocols for improving attention, memory, mood and music and dance performance in healthy participants. Important benefits were demonstrable with cognitive and neurophysiological measures which were predicted on the basis of regression models of learning. For example, learned SMR enhancement was associated with improved response inhibition, and constituted the first evidence for cognitive performance enhancement through neurofeedback in healthy volunteers.

This article reviews the breadth of empirical research done examining the effects of neurofeedback in sports and suggests guidelines for future evaluations of neurofeedback training in sports. Neurofeedback is a noninvasive approach to modulating human brain oscillation and can be used to develop skills for the self-regulation of brain activity. Overall, there is a large body of evidence for the efficacy of neurofeedback in improving performance across multiple demographics. For instance, neurofeedback has been shown to improve shooting performance in archery. However, the authors identify a need for additional study in the area to further our understanding of the effectiveness in enhancing performance and to specify training protocols. 

Neurofeedback has been found to improve cognitive and artistic performance in healthy individuals. As such, the authors assessed whether EEG neurofeedback could develop surgical skills. 20 National Health Service trainee ophthalmic microsurgeons were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Sensory Motor Rhythm-Theta (SMR), Alpha-Theta, or a “no-treatment” control group. Individuals in the neurofeedback training groups either 30-minute sessions of EEG training. Assessments included pre- and post- training skills lab surgical procedure with timed measures and expert ratings from video-recordings by consultant surgeons as well as state/trait anxiety self-reports. The authors found that SMR-Theta neurofeedback training led to significant improvements in surgical techniques while also considerably reducing time on task by 26%/4. Overall, these findings suggest that neurofeedback training can optimize learning of a complex medical specialty like microsurgery. 

This study provides evidence that alpha/theta neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback improved the performance of competitive ballroom dancers compared to a control group. The authors randomly assigned first-year contemporary dance conservatoire students to receive the same two psychophysiological interventions, or a comparison group that received choreology instruction, or a control group with no training. Although the authors observed clear learning effects from neurofeedback, none of the three interventions had an impact on dance performance according to evaluations by four experts. However, participants who underwent HRV training experienced a reduction in anxiety, and this decrease in anxiety was associated with improved technique and artistry in their performances. In all, this study demonstrates the impact of EEG-neurofeedback in the performing arts. 

The purpose of the study was to evaluate how well neurofeedback training improved executive functioning in the senior population. On the Cz site, a group of elders received beta up-training, and their response times to the Stroop and Simon tasks were examined. Comparing the results to a control group that did not get neurofeedback training, it was shown that attentional control significantly improved following neurofeedback instruction. This advances our knowledge of how neurofeedback may help older people with their executive functions.

The effects of neurofeedback training and physical activity on senior women's postural stability and fall risk were compared in a randomized controlled experiment. 45 physically independent ladies who were 65 years of age or older and residents of the Fereshtegan Elderly Care Center in Shiraz participated in the study. Comparing neurofeedback training to physical activity, the results demonstrated a significant improvement in fall risk and postural stability. A post-hoc study revealed that neurofeedback training outperformed other methods in lowering the risk of falls and enhancing postural stability. For older women who want to enhance their balance and postural stability, neurofeedback and physical exercise could both be helpful options.

The aim of this study was to test the use of neurofeedback to improve academic performance in a sample of nursing students with previous academic failure. In particular, the authors recruited 60 individuals and divided them randomly into either the experimental or control groups. Those in the experimental group received 7-10 weeks of 20 50-minute neurofeedback sessions. The results of the covariance analysis of the study found that individuals showed a significant improvement in academic performance as compared to the control group. In all, this study provides evidence indicating the effectiveness of neurofeedback in increasing academic performance. 

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of in situ classroom-based neurofeedback training to build sustained attention in the general student population. Further, the study determined whether these increases in attention would translate to improvements in effective work habits and learning skills. Students aged 10 to 13 years participated in 35 25-minute attention training game-based neurofeedback sessions throughout the school year. Outcome measures involving sustained attention, executive functions, and learning behaviors were scored by participants’ homeroom teachers along with intermittent training-based observation data collected by research assistants in the classroom during training sessions. The authors found that classroom-based neurofeedback showed promise as an effective tool to build sustained attention that can further be translated into gains in observable work habits and learning behaviors. 

Previous studies have shown that sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) activity is associated with automaticity and flow in motor executive and that neurofeedback training (NFT) of the SMR can improve sports performance. Taking this into account, the authors aimed to explore the effectiveness of a sincle session of neurofeedback on the putting performance of professional gold athletes. This study recruited 44 professional golfers who were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control conditions. All participants were asked to perform 60 10-foot putts while EEGs were recorded before and after the tasks. The results showed that a single neurofeedback session effectively increased SMR power and led to improved putting performance compared to control. Also, participants reported lower attention engagement, less conscious control of motor details, and increased relaxation during the putting task. In all, this study provides preliminary evidence of SMR NFT in improving golf putting performance.

Literature has established a close connection between theta activity and the performance of attention networks, executive control network, and the allocation of cognitive resources. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the downregulation of theta through neurofeedback and the enhancement of healthy children’s attention performance. 60 children aged 6-12 years were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Individuals in the experimental group received theta- down-regulation neurofeedback training for five days, totalling 100 minutes of training. Attention performance was measured in both groups through the attention network test (ANT) before and after neurofeedback and at a 7-day follow up. The electroencephalography (EEG) results demonstrated a significant decrease in resting-state theta amplitude within sessions. Moreover, the authors found that the children in the neurofeedback group exhibited significant improvement in overall attention performance and executive control network efficiency as compared to the control group post-neurofeedback and at the follow-up assessment. These findings strongly suggest the feasibility of neurofeedback as a method of improving attention in healthy children. 

Previous studies have seen an improvement in physical coordination, concentration, and emotional regulation after EEG neurofeedback training. In sports ranging from gymnastics to snowboarding, EEG-NF training has been seen to improve performance by improving psychophysical balance. With this in mind, Mikicin and his team used EEG-NF training during physical exercise to improve cognitive and physical performance in professional swimmers. They examined seven healthy swimmers, aged 18 to 25 years, throughout 20 EEG-NF training sessions for 4 months. The study was arranged in the following design: the pre-test (Test 1), 20 NF sessions, the post-test (Test 2). Test 1 and Test 2 contained 10 minute swimming exercises, along with baseline EEG and EMG recordings. The researchers found that a combination of mental effort from the EEG NF sessions and the swimming exercises during the physical aspect of the study led to changes in brain activity, specifically in the sensorimotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and premotor cortex. These brain regions are important in body movements and coordination. Thus, the improved cognitive performance following NF training had a significant effect on the optimization of psychomotor activities. 

Past literature has shown that neurofeedback (NF) is beneficial in alleviating symptoms of various neurological and psychological disorders. Research also aims to investigate whether NF can be used to improve non-disordered cognition, such as attention, memory, and processing speed. EEG for peak alpha frequency (PAF) has a known correlation with positive cognitive performance and a reduction in levels with older age. Therefore, this study by Angelakis et al., (2007) examined if PAF NF would improve cognition levels in the elderly. They found that increased PAF in the elderly improved processing speed and executive function, but had no clear effect on memory. The researchers concluded that EEG neurofeedback to increase PAF can be beneficial for improving specific aspects of cognition.

Gillespie et al., (2023) investigated whether neurofeedback (NF) training on rats could increase the number of sharp wave ripples (SWR) during sleep, which is an indication of memory consolidation and replay. SWRs are important in improving and maintaining memory performance, and a decline in SWRs during sleep has been associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. The researchers developed a training schedule where the detection of SWRs during a memory-related task would result in positive feedback. Results showed that the rats were able to increase the rate of SWRs with neurofeedback training, indicating that NF training can effectively modulate memory related activity patterns in the brain.

A biological characteristic known as sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is linked to deeper levels of cognitive processing as well as increased environmental awareness and reactivity. Therefore, this study investigated whether engaging in a 4-week app-based cognitive training program with neurofeedback (CT-NF) will result in various changes in cognitive performance and whether SPS is connected with such changes. The 66-year-old participants were randomized to either the CT-NF treatment group or the Tetris control group. The results showed that, in comparison to other participants and other cognitive measures, those with greater levels of SPS in the therapy group shown superior improvements in memory (MEM) and visual memory (VSM). These results are in line with SPS hypotheses and research demonstrating the trait's correlation with improved visual perception and memory. All things considered, these results imply that a 4-week app-based CT-NF treatment may improve MEM and VSM in people with high SPS.

This study looked into whether giving healthy individuals auditory neurofeedback based on music may boost the alpha wave's strength. The findings demonstrated that alpha wave induction was facilitated by normalized alpha-power, which was considerably higher in NF than in RF. Additionally, the patients whose alpha-power improved in response to NF showed better benefits in short-term memory, according to the study. While the study validated an alpha neurofeedback system based on music for healthy participants, the findings are promising for individuals who have trouble focusing on traditional alpha neurofeedback.

The efficacy of mindfulness-based therapy and an alpha and theta NF training protocol was evaluated in cancer patients through a randomized controlled experiment. 56 patients total—56 of them with cancer—were included in the study. Over the course of five weeks, participants received ten sessions of either an NF intervention or, as a control, mindfulness group therapy. The findings revealed a high level of affective distress but no improvements in cognitive impairment. Over time, there was a considerable decrease in the affective symptoms of depression, anxiety, and distress. According to the study, NF significantly improved quality of life and self-efficacy while also improving emotional symptoms in a way that was equivalent to mindfulness-based therapy. This is a pilot study to look into the efficacy of the NF method in cancer patients.

Peak Performance Neurofeedback is very similar to Neurofeedback training in it’s set up. Electrodes are placed on to the head and ears in a comfortable manner. Clients may feel fatigued at the end of a session because Peak Performance Neurofeedback is essentially a workout for your brain. The client is practicing self-regulation, and they may feel tired after a session.

Peak Performance Training is based on a Neurofeedback Training protocols. This is a non-invasive treatment modality that focuses on teaching individuals to regulate their electrical brainwave activity. No research to date has reported any negative side-effects from Neurofeedback training. Neurofeedback training programs are designed so that only positive, optimal brainwave patterns are reinforced. No negative or unwanted brainwave patterns can be created in this way.

Neurofeedback and Biofeedback techniques are also used in Peak Performance Training settings to help improve an individual’s level of calm, focus, relax, and alert. If you have a diagnosed condition, the benefits of Peak Performance Training may help a diagnosed conditioned. If you have a diagnosed condition, Peak Performance Training may be a great option after you complete your initial treatment plan.

Peak Performance Training relies on the concept of neuroplasticity, which states that the brain can alter its function and reorganize itself in response to learning and other events. Neuroplasticity tends to decrease as you age, so younger clients tend to progress the quickest. This is why it is easier to learn a language or skill early in life as opposed to when you are older. The most common age ranges for training are 8-24 years old, although some clients start as young as six years old. Older clients (55 years of age and over) may need a few more sessions to achieve certain training goals, but can still greatly benefit from Peak Performance Training.

Each of our clients is paired with a clinician who works with the client on a one-on-one basis. After a baseline recording of the trainee’s brainwave patterns is taken, the client begins training their focus and concentration. Complex EEG software is used to give the client feedback when they are relaxed, alert, and focused. The client gets multiple chances to practice achieving this state. After each round, the mentor gives the client feedback and explains their scores related to their brainwave patterns. This is reviewed at the end of the session with the parents as well.

Peak Performance Neurofeedback may offer various benefits, including improved focus, reduced anxiety, and better emotional regulation. Promoting healthier brainwave patterns may help individuals manage stress more effectively and may enhance cognitive functions. Many patients find regular neurofeedback sessions can support mental and emotional well-being, leading to a more balanced and resilient state of mind. However, individual results can vary, and it's essential to have realistic expectations.

Peak Performance Neurofeedback monitors brainwave activity through sensors placed on the scalp. This information is processed and displayed as visual or auditory cues, helping individuals become more aware of their brain's activity. Over time, this feedback can encourage the brain to self-regulate and adopt healthier patterns. This non-invasive method supports cognitive and emotional health, potentially leading to better focus, mood, and stress management.

To start with Peak Performance Neurofeedback, it is important to choose a reputable neurofeedback clinic. Contact a provider like Neuropotential Clinic for a consultation to discuss your specific needs and goals. During the consultation, ask about the provider's qualifications, experience, and the type of equipment used. Professional guidance and monitoring are essential to ensure safe and effective treatment. This approach can help you make an informed decision and maximize the potential benefits of neurofeedback.

It depends on your current situation and training goals. After a detailed assessment and clinical interview, we can decide if you are a good candidate for peak performance neurofeedback training. We would then move forward and design a personalized program to help you achieve your training goals. Moreover, EEG-based peak performance training is something not well known and may benefit clients who has tried other methods to optimize their performance.

This depends on your training goals. Generally, clients observe changes between the 5th and 10th session. We have to remember that Peak Performance Training is a learning experience. Everyone learns at a different pace and have different criteria for change.

Clients usually complete 20-40 sessions though more may be required depending on their training goals. Certain peak performance clients (executives, athletes, and students without a diagnosis) may meet their goals at the end of 20 sessions. After specific training goals are achieved, new training goals can be defined, and a new training program can be created.

Yes. We only ask that the trainee stops taking medication during assessments as it does affect their EEG recordings.

Psychological assessments and reassessments are covered by most insurance companies. Peak Performance Training may be covered by certain insurance companies for certain conditions. Insurance companies may cover treatments plans approved by a clinical psychologist. Please inquire with your extended health care benefits company and we will do our best to work with them.