This is a multi-case study involving 67 patients diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury that were subjected to Z-score neurofeedback therapy. Most of the patients were diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury and treated within the first year after brain injury. A few patients were diagnosed with more severe traumatic brain injury and treated after one year or later following their head injury incident. Most of the patients complained of headaches and cognitive problems while some of them also suffered from dizziness and overlapping depression. Those who complained of cognitive problems were subjected to analysis with computerized cognitive testing before and after ten sessions of neurofeedback. In addition, QEEG maps were completed before each neurofeedback session initiation in order to see an objective improvement of QEEG abnormalities. Subsequent analysis revealed that 59 out of 67 patients noticed subjective improvement of their symptoms within 10 sessions of neurofeedback therapy, out of which most of them reported an improvement after only 1-3 neurofeedback sessions. 54 patients also had an objective improvement of QEEG maps manifesting as reduction of excessive beta activity and/or normalization of delta or theta power. 45 patients completed prior and post neurofeedback neurocognitive testing with 34 patients having significant cognitive enhancement. These results are very encouraging and indicate high potential of Z-score LORETA neurofeedback rehabilitation of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury.

The purpose of this review was to assess the strengths of the available published literature on the therapeutic efficacy of neurofeedback for traumatic brain injuries and provide recommendations for future research in this area. Google Scholar was used to find 22 examples of primary research. Measures of symptom improvement, neuropsychological testing, and changes in subjects’ quantitative electroencephalogram were included in the analysis. A single reviewer classified each study according to a rubric devised by 2 societies dedicated to neurofeedback research. It was found that all studies demonstrated positive findings, in that neurofeedback led to improvement in measures of impairment, whether subjective, objective, or both. However, placebo-controlled studies were lacking, some reports omitted important details, and study designs differed to the point where effect size could not be calculated quantitatively. The authors conclude that neurofeedback is a promising treatment that warrants double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to determine its potential role in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.

This study explores electroencephalogram neurofeedback therapy induced in vivo changes in traumatic brain injury patients.  2 patients with moderate head injury who had more than 7 post-concussion symptoms and poor cognitive performances were subjected to 20 sessions of electroencephalogram neurofeedback therapy. Neuropsychological test scores, post-concussion symptoms and MRI scan of the brain were recorded pre-post to electroencephalogram neurofeedback therapy. It was found that during electroencephalogram neurofeedback therapy the cognitive scores and concussion symptoms improved significantly suggesting significant potential to change and regulate impaired neural networks among patients with traumatic brain injury. Furthermore, the quality of life for moderate disability and poor cognitive performance can be significantly improved using electroencephalogram neurofeedback therapy.

The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the effect of neurofeedback training on the continuous attention and short term memory of  seventeen participants with moderate traumatic brain injuries using a randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated in two intervention and control groups and then evaluated for continuous attention and short term memory at the start of the training period and at the end of the training period. The training period lasted for a total of four weeks. Although the results of the study yielded that  20 sessions of neurofeedback training has no effect on the continuous attention and short term memory of patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the authors call for more research to be done to explore the impact of different protocols including more sessions of treatment, longer time of follow-up and larger sample sizes of participants.

The aim of this study was to address the long standing questions regarding resting state oscillatory brain activity in patients with a history of  mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and chronic post concussive symptoms who are stratified based on the severity of their PTSD symptoms. Primary analysis focused on alpha-band power, Participants on medication were not excluded from this study as the authors note that there is no significant difference in alpha frequency between medicated and non medicated patients with PTSD, although there are differences in power demonstrated at faster frequencies. Data generated from the study demonstrated a reduction in resting-state alpha activity involving much of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally in mTBI patients with significant PTSD symptoms compared to those without significant PTSD symptoms. It is that reductions in prefrontal resting-state alpha-band power may also be tested as a biomarker for the identification of those patients with PTSD who may benefit from a variety of treatments to increase prefrontal alpha-band power.

This paper reviews the empirical reports of changes in cognitive functioning after treatment and compares the relative effectiveness of several treatments including computer interventions, cognitive strategies, EEG biofeedback, and medications. The cognitive functions that are reviewed include auditory memory, attention and problem solving. The significance of the change in cognitive function is assessed in two ways that include effect size and longevity of effect. These analyses complement the previously published meta-reviews by adding these two criteria and include reports of EEG biofeedback, which is shown to be an effective intervention for auditory memory. The authors conclude that activation QEEG database guided biofeedback demonstrates effectiveness and the available research indicates a strong potential for positive impact for traumatic brain injuries resulting from a variety of situations including auto accidents, slip and falls or even war.

Due to the general lack of research on interventions for refractory sports-related concussions, this article seeks to review the known and emerging neuropsychological and psychological rehabilitation interventions for reducing morbidity among this population of patients. Despite the limited amount of empirical data available for review, the authors postulate that a mindful and ethical approach towards rehabilitation interventions are especially needed in the absence of evidence-based guidelines. Although neurofeedback rehabilitation with concussed athletes is still in its infancy, the authors suggest that it is ideal for neurofeedback treatment to be guided by a full quantitative brain map (QEEG 19 Chanel Analysis) done post-concussion to understand the neuroelectophysiologic correlates of concussion.

In this study, Health university students were randomly assigned to the experimental group, sham group or control group. Participants in the experimental group trained to enhance beta waves at F4 and P4. Attentional performance and MRI data were recorded one week before training and one week after training. Higher scores on auditory and visual sustained attention were present in experiment group. Gray matter volume increases were detected in cerebral structures involved in this type of attention. This study constitutes the first empirical demonstration that neurofeedback training leads to microstructural changes in white and gray matter.

This brief report describes the case of a 17-year-old female athlete who suffered two consecutive concussions, producing headache symptoms. The athlete was assessed following the initial concussion with quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and an integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA). Twenty-two sessions of QEEG-guided neurofeedback produced normalization of the QEEG and IVA profiles and a cessation of headaches. A second concussion then produced further abnormalities in the QEEG and the IVA. A final course of 40 sessions of neurofeedback was again successful in normalizing both cortical activity on the QEEG and scores on the IVA.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain caused by an acute injury to the head, neck, or face, such as a blunt force trauma. Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) are at high risk for TBI, given how frequently they are repeatedly struck in the head. An abundance of evidence indicates that even “mild” TBI can have lifelong impacts, including personality and behavioral changes. TBI often goes undiagnosed in survivors as most do not seek medical treatment for their injuries. Given the lack of diagnoses, these symptoms may often be overlooked or misunderstood. One emerging method for treating the symptoms of TBI is neurofeedback (NF). NF is a type of biofeedback that uses operant conditioning to regulate activity in various regions of the brain. NF can lead to better cognitive performance and emotional self-regulation. Given the potentially high rate of TBI in IPV, it is worth exploring if NF can reduce the symptoms that negatively impact survivors. The current study explores the use of NF to treat IPV survivors who experienced head injury and, as such, probable TBI (N = 32). Survivors participated in a quantitative EEG (qEEG) to locate problem areas of the brain and participated in assessments, before and after treatment, to examine constructs such as depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Results show significant differences in both the qEEG data and written assessments following the completion of NF. These results suggest NF could mitigate symptoms of probable TBI in IPV survivors.

Neurofeedback therapy (NFT) has demonstrated effectiveness for reducing persistent symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, its reliance on NFT experts for administration and high number of treatment sessions limits its use in military medicine. Here, the authors of the study assess the feasibility of live Z-score training (LZT)—a variant of NFT that requires fewer treatment sessions and can be administered by nonexperts—for use in a military clinical setting. A single group design feasibility study was conducted to assess acceptability, tolerance, treatment satisfaction, and change in symptoms after a 6-week LZT intervention in 38 Service Members (SMs) with persistent symptoms comorbid with or secondary to mild TBI. Acceptance and feasibility were assessed using treatment completion and patients’ satisfaction with treatment. To evaluate changes in symptom status, a battery of self-report questionnaires was administered at baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up to evaluate changes in psychological, neurobehavioral, sleep, pain, and headache symptoms, as well as self-efficacy in symptom management and life satisfaction. Participants tolerated the treatment well and reported a positive experience. Symptom improvement was observed, including depressive, neurobehavioral, and pain-related symptoms, with effects sustained at 3-month follow-up. LZT treatment appears to be a feasible, non-pharmacological therapy amenable to SMs. Results from this pilot study promote further investigation of LZT as an intervention for SMs with persistent symptoms following TBI.

Electroencephalogram Neurofeedback therapy (EEG-NFT) has several potential beneficial effects in terms of improving cognition and electrophysiological regulation among patients with brain injury. However, in vivo structural and functional changes remain less explored. The aim of the present study was to explore EEG-NFT induced in vivo changes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Two patients with a mean age of 15 years with moderate head injury who had more than seven post concussion symptoms and poor cognitive performances (<5 percentile) were subjected to 20 sessions of EEG-NFT. The neuropsychological test scores, post concussion symptoms and MRI scan of the brain were recorded pre-post to EEG-NFT. During EEG-NFT the cognitive scores and concussion symptoms improved significantly (p < 0.05). The EEG-NFT has shown significant increase in cortical grey matter (GM) volumes (p < 0.0001) and fractional anisotropy (FA) of cortical white matter (WM) tracts (p < 0.0001, voxel max 60 and above). There was a significant decrease in global, local efficiency, cost and clustering coefficient of functional connectivity (Wilcoxon Sign Rank Test p < 0.05). Interestingly there was a significant increase in thalamo-cortical connection (increase FA value) after EEG-NFT. The EEG-NFT therapy has shown significant changes in structural and functional connectivity among young moderately injured TBI patients.

Postconcussion syndrome (PCS)  has been used to describe a range of residual symptoms that persist 12 months or more after the injury, often despite a lack of evidence of brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. In this clinical case series, the efficacy of quantitative EEG-guided neurofeedback in 40 subjects diagnosed with with PCS was investigated. Overall improvement was seen in all the primary (Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire, Clinical Global Impressions Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale) and secondary measures (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Test of Variables for Attention). The Neuroguide Traumatic Brain Index for the group also showed a decrease. Thirty-nine subjects were followed up long term with an average follow-up length of 3.1 years (CI=2.7-3.3). All but 2 subjects were stable and were off medication. Overall neurofeedback treatment was shown to be effective in the group of subjects studied.  

The need for effective rehabilitation programs for individuals with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is on a high rise as this injury can cause a diverse range of disability that can significantly impact its survivors. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) in moderate-severe TBI patients on their clinical and electrophysiological outcomes. 14 TBI patients in a post-injury period between 3 months and 2 years participated in the study. All participants received twenty sessions of EEG-NFT. The results of the study indicated a significant reduction in the severity of postconcussion symptoms (PCS) following EEG-NFT and a consistent pattern of reduced in slow and fast waves amplitude ratios. Overall, this study suggests EEG-Neurofeedback could be effective in improving PCS and promote normaltization of qEEG in TBI patients. 

Every year millions of people suffer concussions and need hospital care. Many patients are healed, but several are later diagnosed with what is known as Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS), an adequate treatment for this condition is yet to be developed. The investigation in this article was to determine whether neurofeedback could be used to treat PCS successfully. After conducting a preliminary electroencephalogram test followed by a head injury questionnaire and a problem checklist, neurofeedback treatment was applied to one patient. The final results were compared to the pre- test results. Five regions of the brain and respective brainwaves were treated, Sensorimotor Rhythm was aimed at Fz, O1, and Cz regions of the brain, Theta Alpha Gamma was aimed at Fz,Pz, and Alpha aimed at Cz. After a period of twenty treatment sessions, the patient's condition improved, only a few symptoms remained. The data provided evidence that neurofeedback has a positive effect on those suffering from Post-Concussion Syndrome.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a “silent epidemic” that creates a significant burden on health care resources across the globe. TBI is a dynamic process that involves damage to the brain, thus leading to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional consequences and poor quality of life. Neurofeedback Training (NFT) was employed as an intervention to study its efficacy in post-concussion symptoms, cognitive deficits, and quality of life. A pre-post design was adopted in which the intervention group underwent NFT and the other waitlist group served as a control. NFT was found to be efficacious in ameliorating postconcussion symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions and improving quality of life.

A “Concussion Recovery Program” (CRP) was developed and implemented which combined promising treatment strategies from the medical literature into a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and personalized program for patients with Post-Concussive Syndrome (PCS). The program's goal was to treat all of a patient's PCS-related symptoms under the care of a single physician. Patients received brain coaching twice weekly in order to address their anxiety, insomnia, attention, headache, and fatigue issues. The authors of the study also used EEG-based neurofeedback twice weekly to complement brain coaching sessions. Patients' median time spent in the program was 16 weeks, during which they received a median number of 21 brain coaching sessions and 22 neurofeedback sessions.  To evaluate the effectiveness of CRP, they performed a retrospective, exploratory analysis using de-identified patient data from the Neurogrow Brain Fitness Center (Virginia, USA; approved by the New England IRB). They used a computerized cognitive testing tool, called CNS Vital Signs, to evaluate the cognitive performance of patients at the beginning and end of the program. Data from 46 patients reviewed showed significant improvements in several cognitive domains. Primary outcome measures were the 3 CNS Vital Signs domains known to be most sensitive to mild traumatic brain injury: Complex Attention, Cognitive Flexibility, and Executive Functioning. Paired t-tests were used to compare mean scores before and after treatment. For all 3 domains, patients experienced significant improvement after treatment (p < 0.00001), with medium or large effect sizes. For all 3 domains, over half of patients experienced score improvements greater than the Reliable Change Index. Patients with PCS who completed our CRP experienced significant improvements in their symptoms. These results are promising and now a larger prospective study is warranted.

In this study, researchers explored the relationship between Live Z-score EEG Neurofeedback  and self-reported symptom reduction in a sample of patients with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Penalized regressions were used to identify EEG metrics associated with changes in physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms. Post-treatment changes in theta/alpha ratio predicted reduction in pain intensity and cognitive symptoms and changes in beta-related power metrics predicted improvements in affective symptoms. No EEG changes were associated with changes in a majority of physical symptoms. These data highlight the potential for NFT to target specific EEG patterns to provide greater treatment precision for PPCS patients.

It has been found that reduction of posttraumatic stress symptoms is positively associated with the reduction of postconcussive symptoms. Cortisol is commonly used as a biomarker of stress. Understanding the role of posttraumatic stress and cortisol in symptom reduction has implication for neuropsychological rehabilitation particularly in the context of spontaneous recovery. The aim of the research was to study the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training on clinical symptoms, perceived stress, and cortisol in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the context of spontaneous recovery. The design was an experimental longitudinal design with the pre-post comparison. The sample comprised 60 patients with the diagnosis of TBI—30 patients in the neurofeedback training (NFT) group and 30 patients in the treatment as usual group (TAU) group. Half of the patients were recruited within 6 months of injury to study the role of spontaneous recovery and the other half were recruited in the 12 to 18 months postinjury phase. Alpha-theta training was given to the NFT group over 20 sessions. Pre and post comparisons were made on clinical symptom rating, perceived stress, and serum cortisol levels. The results indicated significant differences in symptom reporting and perceived stress between the NFT and TAU groups. Significant differences were also seen in cortisol levels with implications for the acute recovery phase. Alpha-theta NFT has a beneficial effect on symptom reduction as well as perceived stress. It also has a beneficial effect on levels of serum cortisol, corroborating these findings.

Quality of life (QOL) is strongly affected following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective was to study the effect of EEG NFT on QOL in TBI patients in the context of spontaneous recovery. A sample of 60 TBI patients was assigned to an NFT group (n = 30) and a treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 30). Twenty sessions of α/θ NFT at the occipital 1 and 2 scalp locations were given to the NFT group. The NFT protocol used was dependent on (4–7 Hz) θ and (8–12 Hz) α activity with the aim of decreasing the θ/α ratio. Pre- and postassessments of QOL were recorded on the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL)–BREF. This study results indicated significant enhancement of QOL in the NFT group as compared with the TAU group. The improvement scores indicated that the 12- to 18-month postinjury NFT group had significantly less improvement on QOL as compared with the < 6-month NFT group. In Conclusion, EEG NFT helps improve QOL in TBI patients. Early intervention is more effective in improving QOL than later intervention.

This study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate neuronal changes in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in response to a passive neurofeedback-based treatment program called IASIS. This program involved applying low-intensity pulses using transcranial electrical stimulation (LIP-tES) with electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Study participants included 6 individuals with mTBI and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS). IASIS treatments were applied twice weekly for a period of 6 weeks. MEG exams were performed at baseline and follow-up to evaluate the effect of the IASIS treatment on brain functioning. The results showed that at the baseline MEG exam, all participants had abnormal slow-wave signals. In the MEG exam following the IASIS treatment, the participants showed significantly reduced abnormal slow-waves in approximately the same brain areas that generated abnormal slow-waves at the baseline exam. Significant reductions in abnormal MEG slow-wave generation strongly correlated with significant reductions in PCS scores after the IASIS treatment. Altogether, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, neuroimaging-based documentation of the effect of LIP-tES treatment on brain functioning in individuals with mTBI. 

Attention deficits, including orienting and executive attention are common persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Though neurofeedback has been found to be effective at improving orienting and executive function, its impact on attentional networks in patients with PPCS was thus far unknown. This study examined attention related event-related potentials (ERPs) N1 and P3, and cognitive outcomes following a variant of neurofeedback training known as live z-score training (LZT). No changes in early selective attention, as measured by N1 amplitude were observed. However, P3 amplitude, which indicates neural resource allocation, increased following LZT, though this returned to baseline at a 3 month follow up. Improvements in cognitive performance following LZT however were sustained at follow up. Further, the magnitude of change in P3 and the attention network test performance did not differ between orienting or executive attention. Therefore, this study suggests that LZT has a positive global effect on attention, rather than a targeted improvement of select attentional networks. 

The authors of this study previously used infralow frequency neuromodulation (ILF) to remediate disabling neurological symptoms caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a novel concussion protocol (CP), which led to notable improvements. The objective of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of ILF in postconcussion symptoms (PCS) and persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS; >3 months post head injury) and investigate the value of the novel CP. In this particular cohort, the leading persistent neurological complaints were headache, memory impairment and brain fog. It was found that PPCS participants in the treatment as usual (TAU) plus ILF and CP had greater net and percent improvement in their symptoms compared to PPCS who only underwent TAU. Further, participants in TAU+ILF-CP trended towards significant symptom improvement compared to TAU, and TAU+ILF+CP trended toward greater efficacy than TAU+ILF-CP. Overall, it was found that ILF neuromodulation used simultaneously with the concussion protocol provided significant PPCS symptom improvement compared to TAU.

This randomized clinical trial investigated if a mobile neurofeedback (mNF) mediation practice provides any advantage over traditional forms of focused attention (FA) meditation in managing persistent symptoms after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were adults with chronic mood and/or cognitive complaints following mild-moderate TBI. Participants were assigned to practice either FA or mNF meditation for 12 minutes daily for 6 weeks. The primary outcome was the difference in pre and post Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) scores, followed by secondary outcomes including the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and various other neurocognitive tests. It was found that there was no significant pre-post difference on the NSI nor the other assessments between the groups. However, when both FA and mNF data were combined, mediation was associated with significant improvements on the NSI. Overall, this study found that meditation with neurofeedback does not provide an advantage over mediating on one’s own for chronic post-TBI symptoms. 

This report documents a single case study detailing the effects of treating severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with combined neurofeedback and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT). The patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident in 2014 that resulted in severe TBI, specifically, a closed-head left temporal injury with coup contrecoup impact to the frontal region. They underwent a left side craniotomy and was comatose for 26 days. Following this period, they were discharged to a brain injury treatment center where they worked on physical, speech, and occupational issues. After 8 months at the center, they were discharged with significant speech, ambulation, spasticity, and cognitive issues. Additionally, the patient showed signs of the onset of posttraumatic epilepsy. As such, their parents sought out hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). During these sessions of HBOT, the doctor recommended additional neurofeedback therapy and they started combined treatment in March 2019. As a result, they observed that combined HBOT and neurofeedback improve plasticity and functionality in brain areas impacted by the injury. Moreover, they noticed that correlated symptoms such as short-term memory, personality, language, and executive function improved overtime. Notably, they also saw a significant reduction in seizure incidence. Based on these results, the authors suggest that HBOT with neurofeedback may be a viable treatment for severe brain injury and that further research should be conducted to investigate. 

This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effects of low-resolution tomography Z-score neurofeedback (LZNFB) and theta/beta neurofeedback on cognitive impairment, return to productive activity, and quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A total of 87 TBI patients with cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to LZNFB, theta/beta NFB, or usual care (UC) groups. The NFB groups received weekly 60-minute treatments for 10 weeks, while the UC group received standard care and telephone interviews. The primary outcome measured cognitive function using cognitive tasks, while secondary outcomes assessed productive activity and quality of life. The LZNFB group demonstrated significant improvements in immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition memory, and selective attention compared to the UC group. The theta/beta NFB group showed improvements in immediate memory and selective attention. The LZNFB group also exhibited enhanced total scores on the Community Integration Questionnaire-revised (CIQ-R). In conclusion, consecutive LZNFB had therapeutic effects on memory, attention, and productive activity, while theta/beta NFB improved memory and attention in TBI patients.

This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of neurofeedback delivered with a portable EEG headset linked to an application on a mobile device in treating chronic pain in military veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 41 veterans with chronic pain, TBI, and diagnosed PTSD were recruited and instructed to perform “mobile neurofeedback” on their own for three months. Clinical research staff conducted two home visits and two phone calls for troubleshooting and technical support. 36 of the participants returned for a follow-up at three months (88% retention). In total, the participants completed a mean of 33.09 neurofeedback sessions, lasting about 10 minutes each. Results showed that veterans reported lower pain intensity, pain interference, depression, PTSD symptoms, anger, sleep disturbance, and suicidal ideation after the three-month intervention period as compared to baseline. In particular, veterans reported a reduced paint intensity 67% of the time immediately after neurofeedback. This preliminary study showed the promise of mobile neurofeedback in the treatment of chronic pain, TBI, and PTSD. 

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel intervention, namely neurofeedback, on postural control recovery in sport related concussion. This study also aimed to explore the use of selected postural control measures, namely the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) and Tandem Gait time (TG), without and with cognitive loading in assessment and determine whether there is any correlation between these and the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT 5). A randomized controlled, double blind study design was used to determine the effect of neurofeedback on postural control as measured by the SCAT 5, FGA and TG, with and without loading in young collegiate adults who reported to Stellenbosch University Campus Health with a concussion sustained during participation in sport. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (neurofeedback) or a control group (sham feedback). Neither participants nor the researcher knew to which group participants were assigned. Baseline measurements (SCAT 5, FGA and TG, with and without loading) were recorded at baseline. Participants in both groups were given 4 treatment sessions. The FGA and TG measures were also repeated before each treatment session. The SCAT 5 was repeated at the time to return to play or after the 4th treatment session (due to time constraints). Data was processed and analyzed using Stata version 14 with the help of a statistician. Sixteen participants were finally recruited into the study, 7 in the intervention group and 9 in the control group.All participants scored below the norms for the postural control assessments (FGA and TG, with and without loading).  Significant correlations between the TG without loading and the SCAT 5 number of symptoms (ICC=0.512 )(p<0.05) and severity of symptoms (ICC=0.419 )(p<0.05) was found. Similarly significant correlations were also found for TG with loading and the SCAT 5 number of symptoms (ICC=-0.271 )(p<0.05) and severity of symptoms (ICC=-0.153 )(p<0.05).  Neurofeedback may be an effective intervention to impact recovery after concussion injury. There were a difference in gender in their TG time with and without loading as well as their reporting of symptoms on the SCAT. It is clear that male students under report their symptoms as well as their severity in order to return to sport sooner.

This study involves six participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who differ in age and gender. For all the participants, cognitive difficulties were the main problem along with minor motor impairments. Participants were subject to EEG neurofeedback for a total of 20 sessions, each lasting 40 minutes. The neurofeedback protocol applied was SMR training. Results show that four participants showed improvements in general mood, quality of sleep, and cognitive abilities. One participant showed no significant improvement in cognitive abilities. Focusing on executive function, biofeedback showed a decrease in the number of preservation errors, as seen by the Stroop test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). These findings show support for the efficacy of neurofeedback in the treatment of TBI. 

The aim of this case study is to compare neuropsychological rehabilitation (NPS-R) and personalized EEG neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) in a 20-year old male with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and no other past medical history. The NPS-R protocol targets attention, executive functions, and working memory. The EEG-NFB protocol targets the inhibition of theta frequency band (3 Hz - 7 Hz) in the frontal areas. Changes are measured with qEEG along with neuropsychological assessments of visuospatial and visuoconstructional skills. Each protocol was given in eight sessions. Results from qEEG show clear benefits of EEG-NFB in divided and sustained attention and several aspects of visuospatial skills and processing speed of motor tasks. This supports the efficacy of EEG-NFB in improving cognitive processes in TBI. While this case study was not enough evidence to support EEG-NFB as a monotherapy, it supports that neurofeedback is an excellent complementary technique for neuropsychological rehabilitation.